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- The Seigneurial System
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- The Seigneurial System was a way of dividing land that was established in
- New France in 1627. This system imitated the feudal system used in France,
- but modified for North American needs. Its purpose was to encourage
- settlement in an orderly fashion. The majority of the people living in New
- France at that time were farmers leading simple lives along the St.
- Lawrence River. Their farms were divided into long rectangular strips along
- a major waterway. Rivers greatly affected the pattern of land development
- because they were the main route for transportation. Until 1663 the St.
- Lawrence River was the main location of the farms. After this date, many
- more were established along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River, and
- the Richelieu River.When an entire shoreline was completely settled, a
- second row of farms, or seigneuries was built behind the first.
-
- This system of land use had both advantages and disadvantages. The close
- proximity to one another facilitated communication among the people, and
- provided numerous access points along the river for transportation. The
- disadvantage was that their defense was very limited. With the population
- stretched out very long and thin, defending the land was extremely
- difficult.
-
- All the land on the seigneurie was controlled by the Crown. Since the Crown
- could not continuously monitor all the land, he appointed an official, a
- seigneur. The seigneur, in modern day terms, would be considered a
- landlord. In a ceremony held at the Castle St. Louis in Quebec, he swore
- his loyalty to the King, and was given a large piece of land by the Crown.
- With the ownership of this land came many responsibilities. The seigneur's
- main responsibility was to populate, and cultivate the land,but his duties
- did not end there. Other responsibilities included defending the seigneurie
- in case of an attack, collecting
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- minor taxes and loyalties from the tenants, conserving the forest's oak
- trees, informing the Crown of any mineral wealth that might be discovered,
- and to establish a personal residence on the land.
-
- Once the seigneur had obtained his land, he could begin to rent out
- portions of it. The tennants living on his land were known as the
- habitants. The habitants also had their share of duties and
- responsibilities in exchange for their land. They had the right to
- construct a house, and to cultivate and live on the land. Their
- responsibilities included paying minor taxes, three or four days of free
- labour on the seigneur's land, sharing a portion of the grain ground at the
- community mill and a portion of all the fish caught in the river. These
- obligations were not too severe, so most of the habitants abided by them.
-
- The goal of the feudal system in France was to create well-defined social
- classes. A large economic and social gap existed between the seigneur and
- the habitants. This, however, was not the case in New France. Most people
- noticed that the seigneurs did not have a standard of living that was much
- greater than that of the habitants, but the habitants did enjoy a better
- life than their equivalent in France. The seigneurs routinely overlooked
- lapses in obligations and payments, because they knew that if the habitants
- felt that they were being treated unfairly, they could very easily abandon
- their land, escape into the wilderness, and get involved in the profits of
- the fur trade.
-
- The seigneurial system was only marginally successful in achieving its goal
- of being an instrument of colonization. It did encourage a large-scale
- immigration to New France, but the colony never reached the population of
- that of the British's 13 Colonies. After New France was taken over by the
- British, they had to decide what to do with the habitants. They could have
- taken these people from their homes and assimilated them onto the British
- way of life. They soon realised that if they did this, it would have
- disrupted a lifestyle so deeply rooted in their culture, that turmoil would
- be the result. So they respected their rights, and left them alone. It was
- not until 1854 that a law was passed that allowed the habitants to claim
- their own land. Soon after this development, the township system became
- more popular, and the seigneurial system became more of an inconvenience,
- hampering economic development. Even through this adversity, many relics of
- this communial way of life endured until the 1940's when all signs of the
- seigneurial system were finally eradicated.
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